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Ročník:

57/2020

Název česky:

Vývoj krkonošské krajiny – od založení Krkonošského národního parku po současnost

Název anglicky:

Landscape development in the Krkonoše Mts: from foundation of the Krkonoše Mts National Park till present

Autor (autoři):

Tomáš Janík; Vladimír Zýka; Hana Skokanová; Roman Borovec; Katarína Demková; Marek Havlíček; Eva Chumanová; Jakub Houška; Dušan Romportl

Klíčová slova česky:

chráněná území, změny krajinného pokryvu, antropogenní tlak, fragmentace krajiny

Klíčová slova anglicky:

protected areas, land cover changes, anthropogenic pressure, landscape fragmentation

Od strany:

Do strany:

Abstrakt česky:

Poznání změn v krajině, krajinných funkcí a ekosystémových služeb je klíčový předpoklad odborně podloženého
managementu chráněných území, která představují cenné části krajiny, kde by měla být schopnost krajiny
poskytovat služby a funkce zachována. Článek představuje výzkum dynamiky krajiny v Krkonošském národním
parku (KRNAP) a jeho ochranném pásmu (OP). Studie je zaměřena na hodnocení změn krajinného pokryvu,
struktury krajiny, rozvoje antropogenních struktur a míry fragmentace krajiny. Podkladem pro analýzy byly topografické
mapy a ortofoto snímky z 50. a 90. let 20. století a z let 2004 a 2016, nad kterými vznikla ruční vektorizací
v prostředí GIS data o krajinném pokryvu, zástavbě a rekreační, dopravní a technické infrastruktuře.

Abstrakt anglicky:

Knowledge of landscape dynamics, functions and ecosystem services is key for evidence-based management
of protected areas. These areas represent valuable landscapes, where the ability to provide functions and
services should be preserved. The article introduces results of a research focused on landscape development in the
Krkonoše National Park and its buffer zone. Land cover changes, landscape structure, development of anthropogenic
structures and the level of landscape fragmentation were evaluated on the basis of data derived from topographic
maps and aerial imageries from four temporal horizons: 1950s, 1990s, 2004 and 2016.

Souhrn anglicky:

Introduction Land cover changes and anthropogenic
pressure affect a landscape and its ability to
fulfill functionality and ecosystem services, which
it provides (Martín-López et al. 2011). Habitat loss
and landscape fragmentation contribute to the rapid
decrease of biodiversity (Brooks et al. 2002, Romp ortl
eds. 2017). Land use, local development and landscape
protection often follow opposing tendencies.
Therefore, the decision-making process of further
landscape development should be based on facts. The
Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and
Ornamental Gardening has been working on a project
“Landscape monitoring” supported by The Ministry
of Environment of the Czech Republic. The project
assesses landscape development from the 1950s
till present in all large-scale protected areas in Czechia
and in selected NATURA 2000 sites.
Abandonment of landscape and agriculture in the
mountains of Central Europe is a long-lasting process
(Latocha 2009). In this, intensively used agricultural
land is abandoned and an increase of forest
area and agricultural land use extensification take
place (Feranec et al. 2010). Furthermore, new land
utilization, e.g. recreation, has significantly spread
throughout European mountains. The landscape
of the Krkonoše Mts was affected by logging since
1567 and later by agricultural land use. After World
War II, the landscape was changed due to the expulsion
of the German inhabitants and abandonment of
intensively-used arable land. Nowadays, larger areas
are grasslands and forests (Erlebach 2014). Anthropogenic
pressure brings new structures into the area
and causes landscape fragmentation. Subsequently,
the area has been divided into the smaller patches by
roads, paths, built-up areas and recreational areas.
This study presents landscape development from
the 1950s in Krkonoše National Park (KRNAP). We
analysed land cover changes, anthropogenic pressure
and landscape fragmentation in four temporal
horizons.
Material and Methods Land cover data were derived
from topography maps and aerial imagery for the
1950s, 1990s, 2004 and 2016. We used eight categories
of land cover and analysed changes among them.
In a grid of 500 × 500m, we used overlay analyses to
evaluate major processes of land use and landscape
structure changes. All analyses were run in ESRI
ArcGIS software.
Anthropogenic pressure was analysed as the spread
of anthropogenic structures in the landscape. We
mapped built-up and recreational areas, recreational
and technical infrastructure and road infrastructure
for the four temporal horizons with a 0.2 ha detail as
a minimum mapping unit. Recreational areas and
infrastructure included playgrounds, golf courses,
camps, ski slopes and ski lifts. Road infrastructure
was divided into two categories – paved and unpaved.
Areas and lengths of structures for all horizons are
showed in Table 2.
The level of landscape fragmentation was analysed
by the Effective Mesh Size tool (Jaeger 2000,
Moser et al. 2007, Girvetz et al. 2008). Fragmentation
geometry is a key input for such an analysis,
in which anthropogenic structures in the landscape
were prepared for the four temporal horizons. Landscape
fragmentation was computed within the regular
grid 500 × 500 m grid in two versions; FG-A included
built-up areas and roads and FG-B included built-up
and recreational areas, paved and gravel roads and
recreational infrastructure. The Effective Mesh Size
method shows the probability of the interconnection
of two points (animals) in the landscape without
crossing any barrier.
Results In KRNAP (national park and buffer zone)
we can see processes of forest area expansion, extensification
of agricultural land use and somewhere its
abandonment. In the national park, the area of forests
and shrubs (including mountain pine) increased; in
the buffer zone, new forests and shrubs and especially
grassland spread and replaced arable land. Built-up
and recreational areas expanded as well. During the
whole study period, 30% of the area was changed.
The majority of changes took place in the buffer zone
and resulted in simplified landscape structure. From
a mosaic of arable land and permanent grassland only
permanent grassland persisted and therefore the number
of land cover patches got smaller.
The study area is significantly affected by human
activities. Built-up areas increased by 30 %, furthermore,
the area of recreational areas and infrastructure
multiplied, particularly ski slopes and ski lifts.
These new anthropogenic structures were found
around tourism centres and in lower altitudes as well.
A majority of them were built in the buffer zone but some of them are situated close to or even within the
national park.
The level of landscape fragmentation is influenced
by topography as well as settlement and road
infrastructure. Road no. 295 from Vrchlabí to Špindlerův
Mlýn and Špindlerova bouda creates a significant
barrier in the national park. A higher level of
fragmentation is recorded at lower altitudes and in
the buffer zone. On the other hand, a lower level of
fragmentation occurs along mountain valleys and
ridges at higher altitudes. Development of different
kinds of barriers (anthropogenic structures) has led
to a significant increase in landscape fragmentation.
In comparison with the whole of Czechia, the fragmentation
by roads and built-up areas is rather low,
but recreational areas and infrastructure make it significantly
higher.
Discussion Assumed trends of land use were confirmed
in KRNAP. Abandonment of agricultural land
use typical for mountainous regions (Latocha 2009)
brought an increase in forest area and agricultural
land use extensification, expressed by a decrease in
arable land and an increase of forests, shrubs and
permanent grassland. On the other hand, new activities,
especially recreation due to the attractiveness
of the highest Czech mountains, changed KRNAP.
Built-up areas and recreational structures increased
similarly as in other mountains in Europe (Schneeberger
et al. 2007).
These new structures can present a threat for nature
protection, because they are built close to valuable
parts of the national park, even if they are in the buffer
zone. There is a positive trend of road shortening,
but new intensively used gravel road and paths
were created.
The level of landscape fragmentation gradually
increased with more than 50 % of the area at a high
level of fragmentation. Only small areas in the core
area of the national park and higher altitudes remain
unfragmented by anthropogenic structures.
Conclusion KRNAP has undergone typical changes
for mountains of Central Europe. Changes had different
dynamics in the buffer zone and the national
park. A significant increase of anthropogenic structures,
especially related to the recreation, influence
the whole area, resulting in only a small unfragmented
area. Intensity of tourism and analysis of the quality of
unfragmented habitats should be investigated next.

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